British Society Research Articles

How British is English: Culture and Contemporary Language Learning

The paper examines the extent to which it is possible to displace English as a functional communication tool from its culturally rich British contexts and associations. Starting from the analysis of the relationship between culture and language, the study discusses the ties between British culture and English in the context of its emergence as a global means of communication. In addition, the paper refers to developments in language pedagogy to outline the role of British culture in contemporary English learning. The conclusion is that reducing English to a mere culturally neutral container for information is not beneficial for educational outcomes, as outlined in the two principal reference documents for foreign language learning, the CEFR and ACTFL. A joint literacy in English and its culture will not foster undesirable individual acculturation but contribute to the development of intercultural competence among learners from diverse backgrounds who bring their own negotiations with British culture.

Compliance with BSG/BASL decompensated cirrhosis care bundle

Background: This audit focuses on Compliance with the British Societyof Gastroenterology (BSG) and British Association for the Study of theLiver (BASL) Decompensated Cirrhosis Care Bundle as decompensatedliver cirrhosis is becoming a burden on the current NHS.Objectives: The study aims to ensure that future admissions with decompensatedcirrhosis adhere to the care bundle, identify areas of poor compliance,and pinpoint areas for improvement.Methodology: Over the course of 6 months, a sample of 29 patients, rangingin age from 29 to 77, were evaluated at Hinchingbrooke Hospital.Presentations and compliance were examined using manual medical takeclerking searches.Findings: Common presentations included jaundice, ascites, and varicealbleeding. In-hospital mortality stood at 31%. While basic investigationswere generally compliant, there were significant non-compliance rates forseptic screen (38%), ascitic tap (37%), and USS abdomen (24%). Partialcompliance was noted in recording alcohol intake (87%) and prescribingIV Pabrinex (89%), with non-compliance for CIWA (74%). Varicealbleeding management showed non-compliance in prophylactic antibiotics(60%), terlipressin (70%), and vitamin K (43%), while adequate lactulosedosing in encephalopathy was non-compliant in 71% of cases. VTEprophylaxis prescribing showed high compliance at 92% in appropriatecases.Conclusion: The audit highlights the need to adhere to the use of decompensatedcirrhosis care bundle. It shows gaps in compliance which can beareas for improvement and education.

Guideline for the management of conception and pregnancy in thalassaemia syndromes: A British Society for Haematology Guideline.

This comprehensive guideline, developed by a representative group of UK-based medical experts specialising in haemoglobinopathies, addresses the management of conception and pregnancy in patients with thalassaemia. A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE using specific keywords, formed the basis of the literature review. Key terms included "thalassaemia," "pregnancy," "Cooley's anaemia," "Mediterranean anaemia," and others, covering aspects such as fertility, iron burden and ultrasonography. The guideline underwent rigorous review by prominent organisations, including the Endocrine Society, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), the United Kingdom Thalassaemia Society and the British Society of Haematology (BSH) guideline writing group. Additional feedback was solicited from a sounding board of UK haematologists, ensuring a thorough and collaborative approach. The objective of the guideline is to equip healthcare professionals with precise recommendations for managing conception and pregnancy in patients with thalassaemia.

Abstracts from the 2023 Annual Scientific Meeting of the British and Irish Hypertension Society (BIHS).

Abstracts from the 2023 Annual Scientific Meeting of the British and Irish Hypertension Society (BIHS).

Myth of mankind and the representation of people in Late 18th-century British dictionaries of trade and commerce

The investigation aims at analysing the two general notions of mankind and people in two lexicographic reference works on trade and commerce published in London in the 1750s: Rolt’s A New Dictionary of Trade and Commerce (1756) and Postlethwayt’s The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce (1757). An overview of the same notions in universal dictionaries of arts and sciences (cfr. References, Primary Sources), issued before and after ND and UD, will also be of help to define a more general background. Starting from the key words mankind and people, their frequency and relevance in the two dictionaries, the investigation is widened to include related terms (e.g. multiword expressions and language patterns in which mankind and people occur) and semantic categories (e.g. specific contexts of use: social condition, social values, demography, identity and citizenship, etc.). The many entries, cross-references, and the various lexical clusters reveal a complex lexicographic and lexicological network. This network, beyond providing information and contents on specific topics, ultimately emphasises the hierarchical organising principle at the basis of Late Modern British society: in particular, people unfolds into a myriad of ‘entities’. Dictionaries of trade and commerce are plentiful sources of knowledge, from general concepts and notions to more specific contents, but also powerful ideological tools.

Airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury: Guidelines from the Difficult Airway Society (DAS), Association of Anaesthetists (AoA), British Society of Orthopaedic Anaesthetists (BSOA), Intensive Care Society (ICS), Neuro Anaesthesia and Critical Care Society (NACCS), Faculty of Prehospital Care and Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM).

There are concerns that airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury may exacerbate an existing neurological deficit, cause a new spinal cord injury or be hazardous due to precautions to avoid neurological injury. However, there are no evidence-based guidelines for practicing clinicians to support safe and effective airway management in this setting. An expert multidisciplinary, multi-society working party conducted a systematic review of contemporary literature (January 2012-June 2022), followed by a three-round Delphi process to produce guidelines to improve airway management for patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury. We included 67 articles in the systematic review, and successfully agreed 23 recommendations. Evidence supporting recommendations was generally modest, and only one moderate and two strong recommendations were made. Overall, recommendations highlight key principles and techniques for pre-oxygenation and facemask ventilation; supraglottic airway device use; tracheal intubation; adjuncts during tracheal intubation; cricoid force and external laryngeal manipulation; emergency front-of-neck airway access; awake tracheal intubation; and cervical spine immobilisation. We also signpost to recommendations on pre-hospital care, military settings and principles in human factors. It is hoped that the pragmatic approach to airway management made within these guidelines will improve the safety and efficacy of airway management in adult patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury.

Diagnostic yield from symptomatic gastroscopy in the UK: British Society of Gastroenterology analysis using data from the National Endoscopy Database

ObjectiveThis national analysis aimed to calculate the diagnostic yield from gastroscopy for common symptoms, guiding improved resource utilisation.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted of diagnostic gastroscopies between 1 March 2019 and...

Questions and Answers about the British Association for the Study of Religions (BASR)

The Association introduces you to the various guilds, societies, and organizations where scholars carry out their work. In this issue, we learned a bit about the British Association for the Study of Religion (BASR) from their secretary Suzanne Owen. Founded in 1954, BASR is a member association of the International Association for the History of Religions and of the European Association for the Study of Religions. Answers in our exchange were provided by Suzanne Owen (Secretary of the BASR) and reviewed by Stephen Gregg (President of the BASR).

Is there any difference between Eastern and Western clinical practice guidelines in management of gastric cancer?

Gastric cancer (GC) has been known as one of the most common causes of cancer mortality both in Western and Eastern countries. However, there might be differences between how it is managed in different countries. Thus, we aimed to investigate these differences. The most well-known clinical guidelines in field of GC management including Korean GC Association (KGCA), Japanese GC Association (JGCA), National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), and National Institute for health and Care Excellence (NICE) have been reviewed. The contents of these guidelines were categorized under eight headings including (1) genetic predisposition, (2) prevention, (3) management of gastric polyp, atrophy, dysplasia and metaplasia, (4) diagnosis, (5) pathology and molecular biology, (6) treatment, (7) supportive and palliative care, and (8) follow up. Difference in each section was discussed. Considering KGCA and JGCA as Eastern and NCCN, ESMO, BSG, and NICE as Western guidelines, it is revealed that both sets of guidelines share common practices such as prioritizing comprehensive diagnostic evaluations, personalizing treatment plans, and palliative care. However, main differences can be seen in treatment regimens, the adoption of newer therapies like immunotherapy, and the utilization of emerging techniques such as HIPEC. These differences reflect the diverse clinical landscapes, research focuses, and healthcare systems within these regions.

British Association of Urological Nurses: Conference update.

British Association of Urological Nurses: Conference update.

Prevalence of the Oral Corticosteroid Exposure and Excessive Use in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Data from Four French Referral Centers of the International DICE Study.

Background: Corticosteroids used to induce a response in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) may cause adverse reactions. The DICE study aimed to quantify and investigate factors associated with their use. Methods: This cross-sectional, non-interventional study conducted in seven countries allowed us to collect data on oral corticosteroid exposure and excessive use (cf. British Society of Gastroenterology) over the past 12 months in adult patients with CD or UC for more than a year. The factors associated with these practices were investigated using marginal logistic models. We present the results from the four participating French expert centers. Results: Corticosteroid exposure over the past 12 months was observed in 20.1% of 324 CD patients and 30.2% of 205 UC patients. Excessive use was reported in 13.3% and 17.1% of patients, respectively. Corticosteroid exposure and excessive use were less frequently observed in CD than in UC (OR: 0.56, p < 0.0001, and 0.69, p = 0.0042). A disease activity assessment at patient's last visit was the main factor (p < 0.01) associated with the risk of corticosteroid exposure and excessive use in CD (OR: 3.41 and 3.44) and UC (OR: 7.29 and 6.90). Conclusions: Corticosteroid exposure and excessive use continue to be frequently observed in CD and UC in France.

Contrasting media representations of race and national identity: The case of England and Italy at the Union of European Football Associations Euro 2020

The continuous growth of international sport events as media spectacles has magnified their ability to project ideas of nationhood. In media coverage, the athletes/players are portrayed as the embodiment of the ‘nation’, but this process is far from linear. Historically, mass media have constructed highly gendered and restricted ideas of the nation, placing women and ethnic minorities at the margins or erasing them altogether. The analysis of the coverage of the England and Italy men’s teams at the Euro 2020 brings to the forefront the persistence, but also the evolution, of such tensions. Combining critical discourse analysis with theories of race and racialisation, this article aims to unpack the often-overlooked role of ‘race’ in the articulation of national identity in Europe. While the England team proudly embraced the ethnic diversity of British society, Italy was the only Western European team not to select players with an immigrant background or ethnic minorities. By looking at a British popular newspaper, Daily Mail, and at an Italian one, Corriere della Sera, this article provides a necessary update to the understanding of the function of mass media as ‘gatekeepers’ of the nation.

British Society in the reflection of the press: fascist sentiments among the World War I veterans in the 1930s

Importance. The topic of the threat of fascist ideas and movements at the present stage is increasingly being brought up in the framework of public and scientific discussions. The coverage of this problem of the history of Great Britain in the 1930s is connected with the need to study the development of the features of fascism in society and in the society of veterans of the World War I. The novelty of the work is to consider the strengthening of the right-wing sentiments of part of the community of British war veterans in the 1930s, while fascism in Great Britain has been studied most widely by historical science in relation to political organizations and parties. Revealing the connection of veterans with the fascist movement will reveal the essence of the state ideology and the contradiction in public sentiment.Materials and Methods. Within the framework of a historical and systematic approach, the Fascist movement in Great Britain was considered as one of the features of the development of public sentiment. The problem of fascization of British society was the duality of political attitudes. On the one hand, representatives of British fascism were marginals, and on the other, prominent figures of the largest veterans’ organization, the British Legion, were the exponents of the ideas of fascism. Using the prosopographic method, the social and political activities of the World War I veterans were investigated.Results and Discussion. Based on the analysis of the development of Great Britain in the 1930s, the specifics of public sentiment are described. The veteran movement in the country adhered to various ideologies. By the mid-1930s, opinions arose among veteran leaders about the possibility of uniting with the fascists. During this period, the veterans of the World War I themselves, with the assistance of politicians and the aristocracy, as well as the support of capitalist circles, created right-wing radical organizations that openly adopted nationalist, anti-Semitic, and racist positions. The possibility of veterans coming under the influence of fascist organizations actually existed, given the numerous contacts and joint activities both within the UK itself and with foreign organizations and politicians (in particular, with the leaders of the Third Reich and Italy).Conclusion. Prominent figures of the veteran movement (in particular, the British Legion) are responsible for the development of fascism in the UK and have contributed to the policy of appeasing the aggressor. Their activities in the process of unleashing the World War II were derived from the prevailing socio-economic system. In the 1930s, veterans and their leaders became instruments and sometimes representatives of the interests of competing groups of the economically dominant class in Great Britain. Dissatisfaction with the policies of the British governments and the rise of fascist sentiment was reflected in social protest and criticism in the press.

Identification and Speciation of Non-diphtheritic Corynebacteria (NDC) and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern by Broth Microdilution

Non-diphtheritic Corynebacteria (NDC), originally considered contaminants in clinical samples, have now emerged as nosocomial pathogens, emphasising the importance of their identification and prompt reporting. 120 non-diphtheritic corynebacteria isolated from pus were chosen for examination. A battery of tests identified isolates and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was detected by broth micro-dilution and interpreted as per Clinical &amp; Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) guidelines. C. amycolatum 28 (31%), followed by C. striatum 18 (20.5%) was the predominant isolate. Cephalosporins were least effective followed by Gentamycin. However, all isolates were sensitive to Vancomycin and Linezolid. Our research highlights the necessity of implementing clinical antimicrobial therapy protocols for Corynebacterium spp. Empirical treatment with vancomycin or linezolid is recommended until in vitro susceptibility results become accessible.

An international survey of contemporary practices towards fertility assessment and preservation in patients undergoing radical inguinal orchidectomy for testicular cancer

AbstractObjectiveThe study aims to assess current international clinician attitudes, practices and barriers towards fertility assessment and preservation in patients undergoing radical inguinal orchidectomy (RIO) for testicular cancer.Materials and methodsAn international online survey of urologists and urologists in training who perform RIO for testicular cancer was developed by the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Sections of Andrology and Oncology and the British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST). The recruitment process used social media and the emailing lists of national urological societies. Responses were collected between 10/02/2021 and 31/05/2021 and stored using password‐protected Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) database software. The primary outcome was the proportion of urologists who routinely offer semen cryopreservation prior to RIO. The study was reported according to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E‐Surveys platform.ResultsA total of 393 respondents took part in the online survey; of these, the majority were from the United Kingdom (65.9%), with the remaining international respondents (34.1%) from six different continents, which included 45 different countries. Of the respondents, 57.1% reported that they would routinely offer semen cryopreservation to all patients undergoing RIO for testicular cancer. In addition, 36.0% of urologists routinely performed pre‐operative semen analysis, and 22.1% routinely performed pre‐operative testicular serum hormone profile. Of the respondents, 14.4% performed expedited RIO within 48 h; 31.2% of respondents reported that they considered no delay to RIO to allow for semen cryopreservation to be acceptable.ConclusionsA significant proportion of international urologists do not offer pre‐operative fertility assessment and preservation in men undergoing RIO for testicular cancer. Surgery is performed in an expedited fashion within 1 week in the majority of patients. Urologists perceive there to be a lack of access and availability to fertility services, and that delay to RIO to allow for fertility preservation is often not acceptable.

Identification and management of preoperative anaemia in adults: A British Society for Haematology Guideline update.

This updated British Society for Haematology guideline provides an up-to-date literature review and recommendations regarding the identification and management of preoperative anaemia. This includes guidance on thresholds for the diagnosis of anaemia and the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency in the preoperative context. Guidance on the appropriate use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and preoperative transfusion is also provided.

Cancer-associated venous thrombosis in adults (second edition): A British Society for Haematology Guideline.

A shared decision on the most appropriate agent for the treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis should consider the following factors, which should be reassessed as patients continue along their cancer care pathway: risk of bleeding; tumour site; suitability of oral medications; potential for drug-drug interactions; and patient preference and values regarding choice of drug. Continuing anticoagulation beyond 6 months in patients with cancer-associated venous thromboembolism and active cancer is recommended.

E005 Immunoglobulins review prior to rituximab infusion: implications and how we can improve our service

Abstract Background/Aims Rituximab (RTX), used in the treatment of autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases, depletes B-cells through anti-CD20. The resulting hypogammaglobulinemia increases susceptibility to recurrent or severe infections, however the absence of a protocolised approach to measuring serum immunoglobulin levels prior to, or between, RTX infusions in our infusion unit has led to cancelled treatments, and even delivery of treatments without a timely record of immunoglobulin levels. British Society for Rheumatology guidelines recommend checking immunoglobulin levels prior to treatment, then four to six months after infusions and before any future cycles of treatment. Our aim was to optimise monitoring standards of immunoglobulin levels in patients receiving RTX infusions, thereby minimising avoidable harm and unnecessary treatment cancellations. Methods Data was collected retrospectively using electronic patient records. The analysis included sixty patients with rheumatological conditions scheduled for RTX infusions during a three-month period. Results Treatment was appropriately withheld in six patients without up-to-date immunoglobulin levels, and in one patient with active infection. However, RTX was given in 28% (17 out of 60) of patients without up-to-date immunoglobulin levels; the mean duration of time between the current cycle of RTX treatment and most up-to-date prior immunoglobulin result being 179 days (median 109 days). Of note, this exceeded 200 days for 4 of these 17 patients (24%), and an absence of pre-RTX immunoglobulin levels was observed in a further 3 of these 17 patients (18%). Although no adverse events have occurred, this represents a compromise in patient safety. Whilst there is no definitive guidance on the reasonable maximum time limit between a RTX infusion and the most up-to-date immunoglobulin levels, a departmental consensus of one month was agreed upon through discussion and literature reviews. Robust measures have been taken, using a multi-disciplinary and multi-step approach, to achieve this:1. Patient list generated one week in advance for the clinical team to review pre-screening tests, including immunoglobulins. Any missing tests can be requested in advance of the infusion date.2. Pharmacy update of their checklist to include reviewing immunoglobulins results prior to dispensing Rituximab; escalating to the clinical team if missing or abnormal result.3. If the above measures have failed, a final safety net has been agreed by the multi-disciplinary team that bloods are taken and urgently processed in the laboratory, with RTX conditionally screened by pharmacy, to reduce treatment delay from appointment cancellation. Conclusion Next steps will be to develop this into a first cycle of quality improvement. This will involve measuring changes from comparing data points prior to and after implementation of the above changes. Furthermore, rates of post-RTX infections or complications of immunodeficiency will be measured before and after the interventions to determine the impact on patient safety and minimise avoidable harm and unnecessary treatment cancellations. Disclosure U. Kalluri: None. V. Thanopoulou: None. T. Malley: None.

P037 Rheum for more? A systematic literature review on undergraduate exposure to rheumatology

Abstract Background/Aims Since the introduction of Modernising Medical Careers by the General Medical Council in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2007, newly-qualified doctors are expected to choose their specialty much sooner than previously. A recent report published by the British Society of Rheumatology (BSR) in 2021 demonstrated a lack of exposure to the specialty for medical students. We conducted a systematic literature review on the quantity and quality of rheumatology teaching amongst undergraduate medical students. Methods Articles published until June 2023 were included. Eligible articles were: case reports and series, observational studies, qualitative studies and randomised control trials. Medline, Embase, PyscINFO, Cochrane library and WHO international clinical trial registry were searched, restricted to English language articles only. Articles including postgraduate trainees and those pertaining to a single intervention or single student cohort were excluded. Information was extracted on demographics, method of teaching, hours dedicated to rheumatology and students’ and educators’ feedback where mentioned. Results After deduplication, 1195 article were identified. After screening title and abstract, 1156 papers were excluded, with 39 proceeding to full text screening. Ultimately, seven articles (all cross-sectional surveys) were included. Publication year of included articles ranged from 1981 to 2018. The countries of included studies were UK (3), USA (2), Australian (1) and Pan-European (1). Year of rheumatology teaching at medical school was reported in four studies (3 UK and 1 USA). The three UK studies were all taught in the latter years (4-6), whereas in the USA study the students were taught at every single year. Where reported, data on the number of hours of exposure to rheumatology were variable, ranging from 15 to 96 hours per medical student. Reported method of teaching included lecture-based, rheumatology inpatient service and shadowing consultations. Student feedback was only provided in one (UK-based) study, from 49 students of whom two regarded rheumatology as “fascinating”, four felt that they had limited exposure and eight considered it as “a niche specialty of no interest”. No feedback from educators were collected in any of the included studies. Factors identified by the included studies for overall poor exposure to rheumatology included: lack of having full-time rheumatologists on the school’s faculty, lack of specialty training programme in their local teaching hospital and greater emphasis on general medical/ acute specialties (e.g. general practice and emergency medicine). Conclusion Overall, there are significant limitations in recording the amount and quality of rheumatology teaching amongst undergraduate medical students. Exposure to clinical rheumatology has markedly decreased over time, with variable student awareness of the speciality. Given the ageing UK population and increase in multimorbidity, there is a need to increase exposure and entry to the specialty, which may be partly facilitated by improved incorporation of rheumatology in the undergraduate curriculum. Disclosure K. Kouranloo: None. N. Myall: None. J. Christie: None.

P081 Out-patient management of gout in secondary care: Results from the North West regional audit

Abstract Background/Aims Recommendations for gout management have significantly evolved as outlined by the latest National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), British Society for Rheumatology (BSR) and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) guidelines, with increased emphasis being placed on optimising cardiovascular risk. This regional audit aimed to assess concordance with these guidelines within rheumatology outpatient settings in the North West region of England. Methods New or follow-up patients with gout, presenting to a rheumatology outpatient setting within the Greater Manchester and Lancashire area over a five-week period between 1/3/23 and 7/4/23 were included. We collated data on demographics, co-morbidity assessment including cardiovascular risk, prescribing of febuxostat in major cardiovascular disease, diuretic use and advice, setting of treat-to-target levels, use of cardiovascular risk prediction tools and subsequent follow up arrangements. For new patients, collected data also included referral reason, and prescription recommendations for first-line urate-lowering therapy (ULT) and co-prescriptions for flare prophylaxis. Results Ninety-two patients (mean age 60 years, 80% male) were included from 13 rheumatology departments. Twenty-three patients were new referrals. Sixty-seven patients (73%) had ≥ 1 relevant comorbidity; hypertension being the most common (55%). Twenty (22%) patients were on diuretics. Twelve (55%) of these patients had a diagnosis of hypertension without heart failure; none received recommendations to reduce or stop diuretics. In line with current guidelines, no patient with major cardiovascular disease was treated with febuxostat. Treat-to-target levels were agreed in 49 (57%) applicable patients. Cardiovascular prediction tools were only calculated or known in three (3%) patients. However, clinic data collected would have allowed a risk assessment calculation in 13 (14%) patients. Sixteen (17%) patients audited had no planned follow-up. Compared to NICE guidelines, 18 (78%) new patients reviewed in clinic were referred appropriately to rheumatology services. Twenty-two (96%) new patients referred were eligible to start ULT, of which 15 (75%) were started on a NICE/ EULAR recommended first-line ULT treatment (14 patients on allopurinol including 11 patients with no major cardiovascular disease, one patient on febuxostat). Eleven (79%) patients started on allopurinol were initiated on a low dose (50-100mg), as recommended by NICE and the BSR. Ten (67%) patients of those initiated on ULT were also prescribed prophylactic colchicine. Two additional patients were prescribed NSAIDs with PPI cover and one patient was prescribed oral steroids without PPI cover. Conclusion Most new patients were referred and prescribed first-line ULT treatment appropriately, often with colchicine prophylaxis. Uptake of febuxostat as first-line therapy was limited. Cardiovascular risk assessment was rarely done; further work exploring barriers to undertaking these assessments in rheumatology clinics is likely to improve both patient care and guideline compliance. Disclosure L. Gould: Other; L.G. has received conference fees from Eli Lilly. A. Richards: None. L. Gray: Other; L.G. has received travel and conference fees from Eli Lilly. M. Badarulla: Other; M.B. has received conference fees from Eli Lilly. L. Mercer: Other; L.M. has received conference fees from Nordic Pharma and UCB. R. Farid: None. R. Heaton: Consultancies; R.H. has received consultancy fees from Galapagos. Honoraria; R.H. has received speaker honorarium from Abbvie and Nordic. Other; R.H. has received conference fees from UCB. M. Al-Attar: None. M. Whitehead: None. S. Kamath: None. L. Teh: None. A. Odekunle: None. C.A. Sharp: None. A. Babiker: None. S. Hopping: None. A. Oldroyd: None. K. Lazarewicz: None. C. Saleh: None. S. Horton: None. D. Roy: Honoraria; D.R. has an honorary University of Manchester research assistant contract. A. Opeseyitan: None. D. Das: None. S. Varughese: None. D. Yidana: None. S. Wig: None. J. Bluett: Grants/research support; J.B. has received a research grant award from Pfizer. Other; J.B. has received travel/conference fees from UCB, Fresenius Kabi, Pfizer and Eli Lilly.